Oil and Gas

Biogas comprises mainly of methane and carbon dioxide or may small amounts of hydrogen sulfide and moisture. The gases can be combusted and oxidized with oxygen. This energy releases allows biogas to use as a fuel.

Biogas is cleaned and upgraded to natural gas standards when it becomes bio methane.

Benefits:

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  Can be used for domestic and commercial purpose


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  Production of electricity


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  Biodegradable

The atmosphere of the Earth contains around 78 percent nitrogen and 21% oxygen. There are also trace amounts of several other gases in the air, including carbon dioxide, neon, and hydrogen.

Oxygen (O₂): medical use, welding.

Nitrogen (N₂): fire suppression, provides an inert atmosphere.

Helium (He): balloons, medical equipment.

Argon (Ar):  welding, provides an inert atmosphere for materials.

Carbon dioxide (CO₂): carbonated soft drinks.

Acetylene (C₂H₂): welding.

Natural gas can be found in deep underground rock formations, in coal beds, and as methane clathrates, or in combination with other hydrocarbon reservoirs. The majority of natural gas is produced by two mechanisms: biogenic and thermogenic.

Flare gas is used in the petroleum industry to burn gas. Most, but not all, natural gas must be processed to eliminate impurities, such as water, in order to fulfil the standards of marketable natural gas before it can be used as a fuel.

The link between food and oil is structural, and food and fuel costs have risen and dropped in lockstep over the last few years. Oil products are used in modern agriculture to fuel farm machines, convey other agricultural inputs, and transfer farm output to the final customer. Oil is frequently utilised as a component of agricultural chemicals. As a result, the price of oil rises.

Oil is utilised to make most of today's medical equipment, including numerous life-saving gadgets. Petroleum is used in many cleaning and safety items used by medical workers, as well as heart valves and artificial limbs. Petroleum is also found in aspirin and other medications.

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  Rubber gloves


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  Artificial limbs/heart valves


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  Bands /plastic protective wraps


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  Microscope ,test tubes

Many oil and gas businesses have been forced to shut down or slow down their physical activities as a result of the virus's spread, affecting production in both upstream and downstream operations.

 As the globe emerges from the coronavirus crisis, players in the oil and gas industries are coping with diminishing demand, guaranteeing employee safety and business stability, and an oil price war. They must focus on establishing a flexible business model that can lead to long-term resilience.

 Oil is recovered (extracted) using different methods, mostly depending on geology:

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  Surface mining


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  In situ recovery


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  Steam – assisted gravity drainage


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  Cyclic system stimulation


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  Upgrading and refining

Countries that have historically relied on oil and petroleum production and export have reaped significant economic benefits. However, due to its negative economic effects, there have recently been increased calls to minimise over-reliance and usage of petroleum.

Concerns regarding the detrimental impacts of petroleum on the environment have been voiced for decades. Oil and petroleum products have played a key role in the causes of climate change, which is currently posing a serious threat to the environment

Biofuels are a major topic in the environmental world right now. The role of the biofuel industry is not to completely replace oil diesel, but to assist in the development of an optimal energy strategy. Biodiesel is one of a few options for extending the usefulness of oil, as well as the longevity and cleanliness of diesel engines.

Oil is the lifeblood of developed countries. Since the mid-1950s, oil has been the world's most important source of energy. Its products are essential to modern life, providing energy to power industry, heat homes, and fuel for vehicles and planes that transport goods and people around the world.

In fact, oil meets 97 percent of the transport sector's demand in the United Kingdom. It also enhances our lives by being necessary for the manufacturing of numerous common necessities.

The petroleum industry, sometimes known as the oil patch, encompasses the global processes of petroleum product exploration, extraction, refining, transportation (typically via oil tankers and pipelines), and marketing. Petroleum is a liquid that forms naturally in rock formations. It's made up of a complicated mix of hydrocarbons with different molecular weights, as well as other chemical molecules. Oil is thought to be created mostly from the carbon-rich remains of ancient plankton that have been exposed to heat and pressure in the Earth's crust for hundreds of millions of years.

An oil well is constructed by an oil rig drilling a lengthy hole into the ground. To offer structural stability to the newly drilled well bore, a steel pipe (casing) is inserted into the hole. The well's base is then drilled with holes to allow oil to flow into the bore. Finally, a "Christmas tree" of valves is attached to the top; the valves regulate pressures and control flow.

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  Primary recovery


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  Secondary recovery


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  Enhanced recovery

It is made up of naturally occurring hydrocarbons with varying molecular weights, as well as other organic molecules. Both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil and petroleum products made up of refined crude oil are referred to as petroleum. Petroleum is a fossil fuel that forms when enormous amounts of dead animals, usually zooplankton and algae, are buried beneath sediment. Petroleum refers to any liquid, gaseous, and solid hydrocarbons, including crude oil.

Composition by weight

Carbon 83 to 85%

Hydrogen 10 to 14%

Nitrogen 0.1 to 2%

Oxygen 0.05 to 1.5%

Sulfur 0.05 to 6.0%

Metals < 0.1%

Typically, E&P businesses do not own drilling equipment or have a drilling rig workforce. Instead, they hire contract drilling companies to drill wells for them, and contract drilling businesses typically bill based on the amount of time they spend working for an E&P company. Drillers do not earn money from oil and gas production in the same way that E&P companies do.

Various operations are involved in generating and maintaining a well's production over time once it is drilled. Logging, cementing, casing, perforating, fracturing, and maintenance are examples of well service activities. Within the oil and gas industry, oil drilling and oil maintenance are thus two distinct commercial operations.

Oil output is measured in barrels by E&P businesses. A barrel (abbreviated as bbl) is equivalent to 42 gallons in the United States. Companies frequently use bbl per day or bbl per quarter to indicate their output.

The usage of a prefix of "M" to indicate 1,000 and a prefix of "MM" to indicate 1 million is a widespread practice in the oil field. As a result, 1,000 barrels are frequently referred to as Mbbl, and a million barrels as MMbbl. When an E&P company declares production of seven Mbbl per day, for example, this translates to 7,000 barrels of oil per day. 

Crude oil and natural gas, which are naturally occurring chemicals found in rock in the earth's crust, are made up of hydrocarbons. The compression of plant and animal remnants in sedimentary rocks including sandstone, limestone, and shale produces these organic raw materials. The sedimentary rock itself is the result of ancient oceans and other bodies of water depositing silt. The rotting carcasses of plants and animals were incorporated into the developing rock when layers of sediment were formed on the ocean floor. After being exposed to particular temperatures and pressure ranges deep under the earth's crust, the organic material finally converts into oil and gas.

Oil is vital to the world economy, particularly for its major producers: the United States, Saudi Arabia, Russia, Canada, and China. 

• There are three segments to the oil and gas industry: upstream, midstream, and downstream.

• Upstream companies, also known as exploration and production (E&P) firms, locate reserves and drill oil and gas wells. Transportation from wells to refineries is the responsibility of midstream corporations, whereas transportation from refineries to consumers is the responsibility of downstream companies.

• Construction and maintenance activities are carried out by well-servicing companies.

• Oil and gas drilling companies hire drilling companies to extract oil and gas.

The oil and gas industry may also contribute to the loss of biodiversity and the destruction of ecosystems that are unique in some circumstances.

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  Water pollution: Some petroleum sector operations have polluted water as a result of refining by-products and oil leaks. Groundwater in the surrounding areas may be contaminated by leaks from underground tanks and abandoned refineries.


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  Air pollution: The business emits the most volatile organic compounds (VOCs), a collection of chemicals that contribute to the development of ground-level ozone, of any industry (smog). The petrochemical industry can emit more ground-level ozone pollution in the winter than in the summer, according to researchers.


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  Climate change: The greenhouse due to fossil fuels drive climate change. Many alternative energy enthusiasts have begun to use various forms of energy, such as solar and wind, as a response of climate change worries

The industry is usually divided into three major components: upstream, midstream, and downstream.  Upstream deals with drilling and production mainly.

Upstream - E&P is located upstream (exploration and exploration). The search for underwater and subsurface natural gas or crude oil resources, as well as the drilling of exploration wells and drilling into existing wells to recover oil and gas, are all part of this process.

Midstream-The transportation, storage, and processing of oil and gas is referred to as midstream. Once the resources have been collected, they must be transported to a refinery, which is often located in a different geographic region than the oil and gas deposits. Tanker tankers, pipelines, and trucking fleets are all examples of transportation.

Downstream - The filtering of the raw materials obtained during the upstream phase is referred to as downstream. This entails the refinement of crude oil and the purification of natural gas.

The petroleum industry is divided into five sectors by the American Petroleum Institute: [27] [link is no longer active]

• In the upstream (exploration, development and production of crude oil or natural gas)

• In the future (oil tankers, refiners, retailers and consumers)

• Pipeline

• Marine

• Supply and service