10th International Conference & Expo on Reservoir Engineering for Extreme Oil & Gas Environments Oct 31-Nov 1, 2018 Buenos Aires, Argentina

Materials processing is defined as the series of steps used in the manufacture of raw-materials into finished goods.  The operations involve a succession of industrial processes with various mechanical or chemical procedures, usually produced in large quantities or batches.  The processes used to convert raw materials into finished products perform one or both of two major functions: first, they form the material into the desired shape; second, they alter or improve the properties of the material. Extracting minerals and producing metals is difficult. Also, mining and materials companies are often pursuing resources in remote, hazardous locations. Safety is always a top priority, as companies strive to reduce harm to employees as well as the environment. Cost control and better asset management are critical as well.

The general definition of oil includes classes of chemical compounds that may be unrelated in structure, properties, and uses. They are used for food, fuel, medical purposes, lubrication etc. there are two types of oils: Organic oils and Mineral oils. Organic oils are produced in remarkable diversity by plants, animals, and other organisms through natural metabolic processes.

Crude oil, or petroleum, and its refined components, collectively termed petrochemicals, are crucial resources in the modern economy.

Crude oils and natural gases are mixtures of hydrocarbon molecules containing from 1 to 60 carbon atoms. Surface features like oil seeps, natural gas seeps provide basic evidence of hydrocarbon generation. Oil exploration is an expensive and high-risk operation. The primary search for the hydrocarbons often begins with observation of surface terrain. Location of faults at the surface is very important because in reservoir rocks they indicate where potential structure traps may lie beneath the surface.    

There are three primary process used to find hydrocarbons in the subsurface: Geophysical, Remote Sensing, and Wildcatting. Today, technological innovation allows more viable and orderly management of fields and better analysis of exploration scopes, reducing the need to drill innumerable exploratory wells saving money and minimizing environmental damage. 

Crude oil is found in pores of rocks and Earth’s surface as raw material, that is unprocessed hence should be extracted, processed and separated from its raw materials. Crude oil often called "black gold”, has ranging viscosity and depending on its hydrocarbon composition can vary in color to various shades of black and yellow. By distillation process the oil is heated and separated in different components. Energy Intelligence Group has stated that there exist nearly 200 varieties of crude oil. Lighter products, like butane and other LPG, gasoline, and naphtha are retrieved at the lowest temperatures. Products like jet fuel, kerosene, and distillates are included as mid-range. Sometimes the heaviest substances such as residual fuel oil are recovered at temperatures over 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit.

Fuel whose energy is obtained through a process of biological carbon fixation is defined as Biofuel. The role of the biofuel industry is not to replace petroleum diesel completely, but to help for a balanced energy policy with the most benefit. Utilizing biofuels as jet fuel also offers a solution to carbon discharge. Diesel and Gasoline are actually ancient biofuels, but they are defined as fossil fuels because they are produced from decomposed plants and animals that have been buried in the ground for millions of years. Biofuels are similar, except that they are made from plants grown today. Bioenergy is renewable energy that is obtained from materials derived from biological sources. It is a synonym to biofuel.

In the oil and gas industry transportation and storage relates to the movement of crude oil from the oil fields to petroleum refineries and to storage areas where the petroleum products are stored for distribution and emergency reserves. Oil pipelines are buried and are generally made from carbon steel or plastic tubes. 

                Today Companies utilize oil storage as a key instrument to build benefits in the worldwide market. Application of most pipelines is to carry inflammable fluids or to operate at medium to high pressures and temperatures, it is imperative that the storage system selection reflects the business requirements.

The sources of technology intended for the oil and gas markets have changed over time. The introduction and commercialization of 3D seismic presents an opportunity to expand upon the time-to-market findings. Today, advanced technologies like digital technologies with the possibility to transform operations and create additional benefits from existing capacity were used.

Companies have begun using 4-D seismic imaging to add a time-lapse dimension to traditional 3-D imaging, enabling them to measure and predict fluid changes in reservoirs. IT Project plays an important role in Oil and Gas sector, Petroleum Geoscience and Pipeline Control.

The enormous economic commitment of the oil and gas industry to numerous national economies makes its future of critical significance to the worldwide community. To balance cost challenges against the possible need for new reserves, a leaner and more efficient industry is required both in execution and operation. this covers some areas like  Pipeline installation, Exploration technology, Oil and gas reserves for future generations, Nanotechnology safety for health and environment,  Oil and gas corporate social responsibility

Morals and Regulations in Oil and Gas industry covers an extensive variety of business practices and methodology which incorporates Commercial and Legal issues, Legal Structures, Health and Safety, Environment, Quality (HSEQ) Policy and Security, Uncontrolled Shale Gas Emissions, Legal, Revenue System and Contracts, Energy Security and Geopolitics of Oil and Gas and Intellectual Property Rights. some regulations include: Measuring the performance of critical control system, personal protective equipment, Occupational Safety and Health Management System, Oil spills and Gas Explosion Management.

Enhanced oil recovery is the use of various frameworks for extending the measure of crude oil that can be isolated from an oil field. Enhanced oil recovery is moreover called tertiary recovery. According to the US Department of Energy, there are three basic frameworks for EOR: warm recovery, gas injection, and chemical injection. Sometimes the term quaternary recovery is used to imply additionally created, hypothetical, EOR techniques. Using EOR, 30 to 60 percent, or more, of the supply's one of a kind oil can be extracted, appeared differently in relation to 20 with 40 percent using fundamental and discretionary recovery.

The refining process for crude oil follows a regimented process because crude oil is made up of several different hydrocarbons. This process is done to reduce corrosion and fouling of equipment and to prevent poisoning catalysts in processing units. For mechanical applications the crude oil must be sanitized and changed over into products having a practically same composition.. Refinery products are liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils. Refining is a complicated and technical process involving

Downstream operation includes refining of petroleum crude oil, processing, purifying of raw natural gas, and marketing and distribution of products obtained from natural gas and crude oil . This sector reaches the consumers in the form of useable products like gasoline, diesel, jet fuel and even antifreeze and propane.Downstream operations include: Crude Petroleum Refining, Natural Gas Processing, Contaminant, Oil and Gas Refining Technologies, Conventional and Non-Conventional Downstream Technologies, Commercial and Legal Structures for Downstream

The upstream industry finds and produces crude oil and natural gas. Hence it is known as the Exploration and Production (E&P) sector. Upstream sectors deal primarily with the exploration and initial production stages of the oil and gas industry. Exploration for oil and gas is an important part of the upstream sector. Technology is the most essential factor in upstream’s exploration and extraction.

Upstream can be divided into many components, but the main ones we Will touch on are: discovering out and selecting potential and probable oil sites, evaluation of these sites, drilling and grounding exploratory wells, if the wells are deemed economically feasible and recoverable and operating these wells to extract crude oil.

The Offshore and Onshore Reliability Data (OREDA) in collaboration with the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate which is one of the main fundamental sources for oil and gas industry was established in 1981. Essential target of OREDA is to provide an improved safety and cost effectiveness in design and operation of oil and gas facilities through collection, analysis, maintenance and establishment of a high quality database. The particular creation framework that is chosen must be customized to every one of a kind mix of these components to guarantee safe oilfield advancement. The couple of systematic reviews are preparatory and don't give an enough proof to indisputably figure out whether oil and gas operations cause wellbeing impacts in nearby populations.

The midstream sector involves the transportation of oil and natural gas from the extraction site to the refineries. It is also responsible for treating raw materials to remove impurities such as hydrogen sulfide and water vapor.  Removing impurities and compressing the fluids helps maximize the amount of oil and natural gas that can be transported, resulting in maximizing efficiency and profits for companies.

Petroleum science and technology

Petroleum Science and Technology bridge the gap between the engineering, the geology and the science of petroleum and natural gas. This field works on the chemical analysis as it covers the character, properties, science, and processing aspects of heavy oil, tar sand bitumen, and residua. It is also address the environmental aspects of production range of petroleum and its recovery, refining, and use. Petroleum science relates to petro physics also and in toxicological studies of petroleum.

Shale formations across the U.S. have been developed to produce natural gas in small.Shale is a sedimentary rock that is predominantly comprised of consolidated clay‐sized particles. As these sediments were buried, they were heated and turned into rock and the organic matter was converted into gas and oil which is trapped in the rock. These rocks are often the source rocks for conventional oil and gas fields but have low permeability hence  it is difficult to extract hydrocarbons from them directly . Some principle issues for planning consideration for shale gas and oil developments include

Nanotechnology is the use of very small pieces of material, at dimensions between approximately 1 and 100 nanometers. In oil and gas industry nanotechnology can contribute to more effective, less expensive, and more advanced technologies than those that are readily available. One of the most advanced concepts of nanotechnology in oil and gas industry is to enhance oil recovery. Because of greater risk of adapting new technologies and high price, the application in oil and gas industry has not been fully discovered.  

Organic geochemistry is a new scientific discipline, primarily used in the process of exploration for hydrocarbons. It enables the determination of rocks, evaluation of their generating potential, and efficiency of their expulsion and detection of migration principle. The historical characterization of reservoir hydrocarbons is achieved by geochemical analyses, correlation and by their transformation of hydrocarbons within accumulations. Application of organic geochemistry helps in identifying the composition of paraffin’s, and diamondoids in the crude and monitors their susceptibility to precipitate fouling agents within the reservoir and production stream can avert formation damage and the clogging of flow line and production equipment. However petroleum geochemistry offers rapid, low-cost evaluation tools to aid in understanding development and production problems. 

Carbon capture and storage is the method of capturing waste carbonic acid gas (CO2) from massive purpose sources, like fossil fuel power plants, transporting it to storage and depositing in a place where it will not enter the atmosphere.  Although CO2 has been injected into geological formations for several decades for various purposes, including EOR, the long term storage of CO2 is a relatively new concept.

CO2 Carbon dioxide can be captured out of air or fossil fuel power plant flue gas using adsorption (or carbon scrubbing), membrane gas separation, or adsorption technologies. Capturing and compressing CO2 may increase the energy needs of a coal-fired CCS plant by 25–40%. Storage of the CO2 is envisaged either in deep geological formations, or in the form of mineral carbonates. Deep ocean storage is not currently considered feasible due to the associated effect of ocean acidification. Geological formations are currently considered the most promising sequestration sites.